Communication what a complex, multi-faceted Word. It is so vital to our existence and so core to our relationships.
Communication simply put is a verbal or written exchange. I talk, you listen. You talk, I listen. Both parties are intently involved in the process.
Originally the only way to communicate was to be face to face with someone. There you could use eye contact, facial expressions, sounds and gestures to exchange feelings, and information. The limitation with this form of communication was that it is only functional face to face. God gave us language, which enables us to leave messages for those who are not present and to send written messages to those far away. The written word has beauty and form. It comes from the hand of the writer, so that energy flows through to the receiver.
There is some kind of power in the written word. The actual physical act of writing causes our brains and our emotions to process the words as we write. The thoughts and emotions that are formed flow onto the paper. It is a very powerful form of communication.
In our modern, technological society, though we are able to communicate across further distances than ever before and more rapidly. The quality, spirit and essence of real communication has been lost.
It seems funny to me that the thing they create to overcome the language barrier set up by GOD, has created its own kind of Babel. Yes, words and images are going forth at breakneck speeds. “Knowledge” is being revealed on a daily basis. Decisions are being made, transactions completed, contracts being signed and interactions generated. However, the heart, soul and spiritual depth of real communication seems to elude us.
The world we live in is getting smaller, yet we are becoming more and more lost, confused and isolated. The world becomes more terrifying every day. We know so much but understand so little.
WHAT HAPPENED??
Since the first government was formed, all governments have been focused on control. Many methods have been applied over the thousands of years. FEAR is always the main tool for control. Fear of death, fear of sickness, fear of loss, fear of starving, fear of isolation, etc… Governments have been using our own minds against us all along. There is NOTHING NEW UNDER THE SUN. I am pretty convinced that even the “amazing technology” we have today is not new. I have seen enough evidence to believe that the Ancients had it all. Which should not surprise anyone who knows that the Fallen Angels provided mankind with the knowledge they had. Fallen Angels are still working in the world today.
Ecclesiastes 1:9
9 What has been will be again, what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun.10 Is there anything of which one can say, “Look! This is something new”? It was here already, long ago; it was here before our time.11 No one remembers the former generations, and even those yet to come will not be remembered by those who follow them.
government (n.)
late 14c., governement, “act of governing or ruling;” 1550s, “system by which a thing is governed” (especially a state), from Old French governement “control, direction, administration” (Modern French gouvernement), from governer “to steer, be at the helm of; govern, rule, command, direct,” from Latin gubernare “to direct, rule, guide, govern,” originally “to steer, to pilot”(see govern). The meaning “the governing power” in a given place is from 1702. Compare governance. also from late 14c.– ment Etymology 1[edit]Inherited from Old Catalan ment, from Latin mentem (“mind”), from Proto-Indo-European *méntis (“thought”).
Noun
ment f (plural ments)
Related terms[edit]
The word Government actually means mind control. It is etymologically originated from the ancient Latin language. It Splits into two words:1) (guvernare) meaning “to control” and 2) (mens or mentis) meaning “mind”. SO GOVERNMENT MEANS “TO CONTROL THE MIND” It was always about slavery, then they realised it was easier to control us if we believed we were free so they tricked us and we fell for it. “If voting made a difference they wouldn’t let you do it” ; Mark Twain. Source
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Waves, Rays and Energy Beams what are they really Up To?
Satan’s Latest Weapon in the Battle for Your Mind – Part 4 – ElectroMagnetic Manipulation
LIGHT is LIFE – But They Are Using it to KILL US!
DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS, FREQUENCIES and YOU!
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The government has been working very hard to dumb us down. People think that we are so much smarter today. But the truth is that those who have gone before us were much smarter. If you read some writings from the Revolutionary war, you will have no doubt that they had a much greater command of language and much better understanding of life.
I was shocked when I learned that they had stopped teaching cursive writing in school. Now they do not even teach writing, as it is “out of date”. In fact, they do not even teach reading, history or math. Most of our young adults could not make change if their life depended on it. They cannot work simple Math because they depend on their devices for that. I doubt many young people ever read a book. Especially not the Word of God. And HISTORY has been so dumbed down and rewritten they don’t have a clue as to who they are, where they came from or what has occurred in the past. The focus in today’s schools is today’s society. The hive mind, inclusivity, all manner of perversion, and communism/socialism. Drilled into their heads night and day. Most of their time in school is spent teaching them how to pass the governments tests so the schools can get their money. They actually teach them how to guess successfully and how to cheat, rather than learning the right answers. Thanks to no child left behind, kids don’t even do their homework, because they know there will be no consequence. No one is allowed to fail.
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Writing by hand may increase brain connectivity more than typing, readings of student brains suggest
A participant in the Norway study.Courtesy NTNU
Typing may be faster than writing by hand, but it’s less stimulating for the brain, according to research published Friday in the journal Frontiers in Psychology.
After recording the brain activity of 36 university students, researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology determined that handwriting might improve learning and memory.
At the start of the experiment, the students were told to either write words in cursive using a digital pen on a touchscreen, or to type the same words using a keyboard. When a word such as “forest” or “hedgehog” appeared on a screen in front of them, they had 25 seconds to write or type it over and over.
Meanwhile, a cap of sensors on their head measured their brain waves. The cap’s 256 electrodes attached to the scalp and recorded the electrical signals of the students’ brains, including where brain cells were active and how parts of the brain communicated with each other.
“Our main finding was that handwriting activates almost the whole brain as compared to typewriting, which hardly activates the brain as such. The brain is not challenged very much when it’s pressing keys on a keyboard as opposed to when it’s forming those letters by hand,” said Audrey van der Meer, the study’s co-author and a neuropsychology professor at NTNU.
In particular, the study found that writing by hand required communication between the brain’s visual, sensory and motor cortices. People who wrote with the digital pen had to visualize letters, then use their fine motor skills to control their movement when writing.
“When you have to form letters by hand, an ‘A’ will look completely different than a ‘B’ and requires a completely different movement pattern,” van der Meer said.
By contrast, when typing, the keys look mostly the same, regardless of the letter. As a result, the study found, typing required less brain activity in the visual and motor cortices.
“Because only small parts of the brain are active during typewriting, there is no need for the brain to communicate between different areas,” van der Meer said.
Van der Meer’s previous research in children and young adults similarly found that people’s brains are more active while writing by hand than while typing. A 2017 study from Indiana University also indicated that writing by hand could link visual and motor skills, which might help kids better recognize letters.
But so far, there’s mixed evidence as to whether taking notes on paper versus a laptop can help people remember and understand information better in the classroom or raise their performance on tests.
It’s also hard to know whether or how the brain activity in the new study might translate into real-life improvements in learning or memory, said Ramesh Balasubramaniam, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Merced, who wasn’t involved in the research.
Balasubramaniam said older adults might also see cognitive benefits from handwriting, “but I think the largest benefits are when the brain is still developing, because it kind of coincides with other major learning processes that are happening.”
In the United States, the Common Core set of academic standards, adopted by most states, calls for kids to learn handwriting in kindergarten and first grade. It also sets typing milestones for fourth, fifth and sixth graders.
“Kids are currently being taught handwriting. They will always be taught handwriting. How much they actually use handwriting is going to be a mixture of their own personal preferences and then the expectations of the classrooms that they’re in,” said Morgan Polikoff, an associate professor of education at USC Rossier School of Education.
Writing by hand can be more beneficial for some children than others, he added.
“Some kids maybe have fine motor issues, so handwriting will be a challenge for them,” Polikoff said. On the other hand, “there’s some evidence that handwriting, especially cursive handwriting, works especially well for students with dyslexia.”
The U.S. has seen some political pressure to require cursive in schools. California, for example, passed a law last year mandating that public school teachers give some cursive instruction from first through sixth grade. Polikoff estimated that roughly 20 states have some sort of cursive requirement.
But scientists don’t know if cursive offers any additional cognitive benefits over writing in print.
Polikoff said some people support teaching cursive simply because historical documents were written that way, people traditionally sign their names in cursive or just that “it’s a lovely dying art.”
On the other hand, van der Meer said she’s often “accused of wanting to go back to the Stone Age” by advocating for students to write by hand in schools. Both handwriting and typing should have a place in the classroom, she said.
“We live in a digital world and the digital world is here to stay,” van der Meer said. “If you have to write a long essay or a long text, then obviously it’s much better to use a computer.”
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The governments of the world have plenty of available resources to ensure that the masses are controlled and compliant. In this post we will look at some of those resources. Remembering as we go that they conceal everything from public scrutiny. THEY LIE to you, and you believe them, because it is more comfortable than looking at the truth.
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If you have not seen the following related post, check it out.
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Radio Waves
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation. A radio wave has a much longer wavelength than visible light. Humans use radio waves extensively for communications.
Photo by Christina Telep on Unsplash
The wavelengths of radio waves range from a few millimeters (tenths of inches) to hundreds of kilometers (hundreds of miles). Visible light, for comparison, has wavelengths in the 400 to 700 nanometer range, about 5,000 times shorter than the shortest wavelength radio waves. Radio waves oscillate at frequencies between a few kilohertz (kHz or thousands of hertz) and a few terahertz (THz or 1012 hertz). “Far infrared” radiation borders radio waves along the electromagnetic spectrum and has slightly higher energy and shorter wavelengths than radio waves.
Microwaves are short wavelength radio waves which we use for cooking and for communication. Microwaves have wavelengths between a few millimeters and tens of centimeters (tenths of inches to tens of inches).
Various frequencies of radio waves are used for television and FM and AM radio broadcasts, military communications, mobile phones, ham radio, wireless computer networks, and numerous other communications applications.
Most radio waves pass freely through Earth’s atmosphere. However, some frequencies can be reflected or absorbed by the charged particles in the ionosphere.
© 2018 UCAR with portions adapted from Windows to the Universe (© 2005 NESTA)
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Naturally-occurring radio waves furnish the basis of radioastronomy and there are radio telescopes all around the world that are used to map the cosmos in radio frequencies. A search on these terms will return lots of information on this topic.
From Wikipedia: Whistler (radio):
A whistler is a very low frequency or VLF electromagnetic (radio) wave generated by lightning. Frequencies of terrestrial whistlers are 1 kHz to 30 kHz, with a maximum amplitude usually at 3 kHz to 5 kHz. […] They are produced by lightning strikes (mostly intracloud and return-path) where the impulse travels along the Earth’s magnetic field lines from one hemisphere to the other. […]
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Electromagnetic Control
It is known the toxic soup of electo-magnetic waves already in place through power lines, cell towers, WiFi, radio, television and a host of other broadcasting devices has a seriously deleterious effect on human health and mental well being.
When I saw the map and I could not help but see the following:
Scripture: John 3:8, Revelation 12:9, Isaiah 14:12Date: 03/15/2006
The Nation’s system that the military is in the process of constructing as we speak. It operates in the very-low-frequency (VLF) range, with transmissions between 150 and 175 kHz. This range was selected because its signals travel by means of waves that have a tendency to hug the ground rather than by radiating into the atmosphere. This signal drops off sharply with distance – a single GWEN stations transmits in a 360 circle to a distance of 250 to 300 miles. The entire GWEN system consists of approximately 300 such stations spread across the United States, each with a tower 300-500 feet high. The stations are from 200 to 250 miles apart, so that a signal can go from coast to coast from one station to another. When the system is completed around 1993, the entire civilian population of the United States will be exposed to the GWEN Transmissions. Read Appendix 4 and then re-read this section.
I. APPLICATION OF MILITARY FREQUENCY WEAPONRYAccording to a 1982 Air Force review of biotechnology, ELF has a number of potential military uses, including “dealing with terrorist groups, crowd control, controlling breaches of security at military installations, and antipersonnel techniques in tactical warfare.” The same report states:“Electromagnetic systems would be used to produce mild to severe physiological disruption or perceptual dis- tortion or disorientation. They are silent, and counter- measures to them may be difficult to develop.”Between 1980 and 1984 I was in England, and I got to see some illustrations of how some of this technology actually works. During this period, there were a lot of protests, sit-ins and demonstrations by Greenpeace and many other groups against the deployment of Cruise missiles, especially at Greenham Common, which was south of where I was located. In 1983 and 1984 there was a very large presence of military police at the base when the Cruise missiles arrived. Around mid-1984 this presence diminished considerably, and some of the protesters who were outside the base started claiming that they were being irradiated from the base because of physical problems they were unable to link to any other source. This was reported in Electronics Today magazine in 1985. The symptoms ranged from skin burns to headaches, drowsiness, menstrual bleeding at abnormal times, bouts of temporary paralysis, faulty speech coordination, and in one case circulatory failure severe enough to require hospitalization. Such a complex series of symptoms fits well with severe EM field exposure. The Ministry Of Defence (MOD) denied that any harmful electromagnetic signal was being used against the women, but did not deny that an electromagnetic signal may be in use which, if below lOmW/cm2, would not, under UK guidelines, be officially acknowledged as harmful. In other words, they lied.
2. Cases of Deliberate Experimentation on Individuals for Military Purposes
In one study over 100 Washington and Oregon state prisoners (recall the discussion of Phase II drug testing in Chapter 5) between 1963 and 1971 had their testicles dosed with radiation to discover what doses would sterilize them. The project was funded by the Atomic Energy Commission at a cost of $1.5 million.From 1945 to 1947, 18 hospital patients, one of them only five years old, were injected with plutonium to measure how much the body would retain. The injections were represented as “experimental treatments” for the patients’ illnesses. This appalling scheme was reviewed in the British Medical Journal in 1987, where it said that the “redeeming feature of the test was that the results were made available to other countries for their use.”
II. ADVANCED MIND CONTROL APPLICATIONSCross-Referencing
By now you have acquired quite a bit of background knowledg e – it is knowledge that you will need to draw upon to properly understand and evaluate the information in this second section of Chapter7.
The Psvchology Behind Mind Control and Psychic Warfare
Body identification gives rise to a host of sociological phenomena, the least of which is the mechanistic view that consciousness is a product of the brain, and secondarily that the mind is centered in the brain. Dr. Jose Delgado was one of the chief proponents of this viewpoint. Delgado was the author of the book “Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society”. For Delgado, the mind existed only in the brain; to postulate its existence as an independent entity was to him sheer nonsense. He rejected the concept of free will, and proposed that the mind was a functional entity produced by the electrical operations of the brain, and as such should be manipulated and controlled in order to control the behavior of the population. This was a view that seems to be shared by proponents of the New World Order. Delgado, since the mid-1970’s, was the director of the Spanish neurophysio- logical laboratory Centro Ramony Cajal. As time went on, his interests shifted from direct
stimulation of the brain to the broader area of the biological effects of electromagnetic fields, an area that has been eagerly embraced by the military and political system as a means to achieve their goal of absolute control of the population.There are several psychological schools of thought that have been adopted by government psycho-scientists and the military to justify mind control. All of them relate to the idea of psychic energy as originating in the human psyche, typified by the work of Carl Jung. The energy originating in the human psyche consists of thoughts, feelings, emotions, and neuro-physiological stimuli and responses. It consists of a physical component that can be measured and an etheric hyper- spacial component that can only be measured by specialized equipment. These schools of thought are as follows:Suppression of Vital Data in Physics
For thousands of years, many discoveries have been suppressed from the populations of the planet in order to keep them in bondage. The burning of the libraries of Alexandria is one example of how information can be suppressed. Another example would be the common technique of suppression of scientific information by alteration of the information itself. Perhaps the most blatant and far reaching alteration of data was the alteration of Maxwell’s equations. James Clerk Maxwell was a mathematical genius who lived in the late l9th century. His original work, which is available to covert scientific departments in the government, had the potential to radically alter the entire course of our civilization.It is certainly clear to most of you by now that the human population can easily (be) manipulated by electronic means using various methods Developed through the military industrial complex. What may not be clear to you is that many of the EM effects can be initiated from outside of what is normally seen as the electromagnetic spectrum. Just as a magnetic field in a wire is at right angles to the current flow, other fields and waveforms exist that are an integral part of the electromagnetic spectrum, yet exist at a certain number of right-angle rotations (orthogonal rotations) away from the electromagnetic field components we are normally accustomed to. If these hyperspacial components, which are not subject to the usual electromagnetic constraints of time and space, are generated and manipulated, they can in turn generate EM effects that have the capability to influence human biology and consciousness.Let’s take a brief look at how and by whom the equations of Maxwell were changed, in order to make subsequent open scientific development that would have influenced civilization in a positive way, impossible:The Hertzian Conspiracy
In late 1864, James Clerk Maxwell published his epic material on electromagnetic waves. His material dealt not only with electrical and magnetic waves, but also the relativistic/ etherial psycho-active component of these waves (representing electromagnetics of the second order and above). The equations also included transformations that enabled the change from inertial frames of reference to non-inertial frames of reference. Maxwell’s original equations were written in Quaternion notation, a complex mathematical system available at that time before Vector Analysis was introduced by Oliver Heaviside. Today’s generalized equivalent of Quaternions is Tensors.In short, Maxwell’s original work gave the necessary information for gravitational propulsion and psychoactive devices. Someone somewhere recognized this, for shortly after his death, the mathematician Oliver Heaviside, the chemist Willard Gibbs, and physicist Heinrich Hertz decided to “edit” or “interpret” Maxwells famous equations which were, in the original form, the foundations of electromagnetics and Unified Field Theory (UFT). This “unholy trio, especially Heaviside, disregarded the Quaternions or Scalar components of Maxwells original equations, because they represented potentials and not fields. He thought potentials were akin to “mysticism”, because “everybody knows that fields contain mass, and mass cannot be created from apparently nothing, which is what potentials are, both literally and mathematically; they are an accumulation or reservoir of energy. Furthermore, not only did they throw away the gravitational component with the Quatern- ion/Scalar, but also postulated that gravitation and electro- magnetism were mutually exclusive, not interdependent. That was the death blow to subsequent efforts by scientists to realize a functioning unified field theory. Because of this one act, electromagnetism was reduced from its original five dimensions to only four: X, Y, Z, and time. The element of G was removed.Because of this deliberate act, twenty-two other errors exist today in electromagnetic theory. The very concepts of force, mass and charge are ill-defined, and the so-called “static” electrical charge has been discovered by Quantum mechanics not to be static at all, but to move rotationally by virtue of the quantum mechanical spin. Finally, adding insult to injury, the so-called “imaginary components” of Maxwells original equations as well as the mutilated version of the equations have also been discarded or ignored. With this last error, the door to hyperspacial domains was forever closed, for the present mathematics and physics of electromagnetic theory do not allow for hyperspacial domains (domains out- side of three dimensions), superluminal signals (signals that exceed the speed of light or are infinite in speed), and a unified field theory.
The edited version of Maxwells work, which every physicist and engineer has had to contend with, discards electrogravitation, and avoids the unification of gravitation and electromagnetics. It also prevents the direct engineering of gravitation, space-time, time flow rates, free energy devices, and quantum changes, which is viewed by the altered equations that are vector-based as only a statistical change. The quaternion approach captures the ability to utilize electromagnetics and produce local curvature of spacetime. Heaviside wrote a subset of Maxwell’s equations where this capability is excluded.Dr. Henry Monteith has independently discovered that Maxwell’s original quaternion theory was a unified field theory. Einstein assumed, because he only had access to the altered equations, that curving spacetime could only be achieved by the weak gravitational force due to mass, that the local frame would always be a Lorentz frame, which would mean that all operations would be constrained to conservation laws of physics.”In the 1960’s the Hertz (Hz) replaced Cycles Per Second. Since, then everyone thinks that all electromagnetic waves are hertzian. Only the upper portion of the spectrum before Infra- red contains Hertzian waves. ELF and ULF are not; waves in biosystems and natural phenomena are not Hertzian in nature.
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Gwen Towers: What Are They Being Used For?
GWEN Towers: Ground Wave Emergency Network
Quote by el schism,
“Apparently these are militarized communication antenna/towers …with hundreds that have seemingly just popped up across the U.S. in the past few decades; and they say they’re there to help prevent EMP or nuclear attack ? But I believe that they’re being used for more sinister means which correlate back to HAARP, where it’s somehow connected and/or, redirected into Smart Meters leading to your Smart Appliances in your home,while..unbeknownst to most..the feeble,I mean people… and their ENERGY, are… being manipulated systematically and electronically by a corporate handler or entity…while managing the populace via electromagnetic stimulation/manipulation using the power grid,whereas implementation of their agenda by modulating our natural frequencies and blasting us with these artificial ones. WiFi is one type of technology that has many disturbing aspects regarding the silent war ”
Quoted from ActivistPost.com,
‘ “The potential for attuned frequencies, and extremely low frequency (ELF) waves in particular, to be used to electronically stimulate areas of the brain and alter mood has been documented in scientific research for decades now. Moreover, microwaves have allegedly been put to use in covert warfare since the early days of the Cold War.” ‘
http://www.activistpost.com/2015/07/what-is-this-gwen-tower-really-for.html
Or from Educate-Yourself.org,
‘ According to a 1982 Air Force review of biotechnology, ELF has a number of potential military uses, including “dealing with terrorist groups, crowd control, controlling breaches of security at military installations, and antipersonnel techniques in tactical warfare.” The same report states:
“Electromagnetic systems would be used to produce mild to severe physiological disruption or perceptual dis- tortion or disorientation. They are silent, and counter- measures to them may be difficult to develop.” ‘
http://educate-yourself.org/dc/gwentowersbybyronweeks.shtml
DIGITALIZED SLAVERY !
You are a Slave !
“If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency,and vibration.” Nikola Tesla.
http://educate-yourself.org/cn/The-Weaponization-of-WiFi-09Oct26.shtml#top
Original Article:
Read More:GWEN Towers
Read More:5G Network The Same Frequency As Governmental ‘Crowd Control’ Microwave Weapons
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Wednesday, March 13, 2013
Network (GWEN) System
{Editor’s Note: GWEN towers are popping up everywhere in America; rural, hilltops, mountain areas, suburbs, and cities. The cover story is that they’re supposed to be used for cell phone communications, but as this article reveals, Big Brother has something far more insidious in mind. ..Ken Adachi]
Forward by Byron Weeks
Written by Val Valerian
http://educate-yourself.org/dc/gwentowersbybyronweeks.shtml
The Ground-Wave Emergency Network (GWEN) is a com
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Electromagnetic Control
It is known the toxic soup of electo-magnetic waves already in place through power lines, cell towers, WiFi, radio, television and a host of other broadcasting devices has a seriously deleterious effect on human health and mental well being.
HAARP and its various localized outposts and GWEN towers (Ground Wave Emergency Network) has the known capability to affect human thought.
Another even more sinister capability using other inaudible ELF and UHF (extra low and ultra high frequency) electromagnetic signals is also in place since the 1990’s. This secret program nicknamed the “sounds of silence“ operates within the frequencies the brain operates on, and the PTBs have been piggy-backing inaudible, subliminal programming to manipulate humanity for decades.
No wonder so many are entranced by the media and the country appears to be so upset, confused, fearful and divided.
The Department of Defense even tested this Silent Sound Spread Spectrum (SSSS) technology during the first Iraq war, causing unwary battle-tested Iraqi soldiers to act like submissive children running to American troops for protection.
It’s also in use in the private sector and goes by the name of Silent Subliminal Presentation System and is used as an advanced marketing technique, among other things.
It is believed this technology is one of the PTBs main tools being used for the subjugation of the American people.
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23 Pages Posted: 29 Nov 2018
Date Written: November 11, 2018
Abstract
この論文の日本語版は、:https://ssrn.com/abstract=3308226.
There are letters disclosed under the STARGATE declassification, which indicated that the CIA had covert programs to manipulate the brain function interacted with the external electromagnetic stimuli, which is still hidden to the public eyes. The CIA has had an intention to read and activate the human being from the outside and paid attention to the related studies and developments since MKULTRA Subproject 119 in the early 1960s. They naturally supported the earlier experiments on the remote electromagnetic sensing conducted by SRI, Stanford Research Institute, though halting their subsidies within several years. The problem was SRI’s focus on the remote viewing, which was not necessarily the primary goal for the agency that would like to deploy the electromagnetic technologies into their information gathering to interrogate or manipulate their subjects. It is more or less the fact that the brain is synchronized to the external electromagnetic stimuli and the issue was to what extent the intelligence community has developed these methodologies. The CIA already acquired the basic technological foundation to manipulate the human brain electromagnetically in the 1970s, which has progressed to the critical level from then to now, considering the tremendous technological development of the overall society.
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PROJECT MKIULTRA, THE CIA’S PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (.gov)
Nervous system manipulation by electromagnetic fields from monitors
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Ms. Soleilmavis Liu Sponsor Activist of Peacepink Yantai, Shandong Province, China
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Check out the following related posts:
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spaceer
New Type of Electromagnetic Wave Discovered
An international team of scientists from the United Kingdom and the United States has discovered a previously unknown type of electromagnetic wave: a Dyakonov-Voigt surface wave.
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Mackay et al found theoretically a new type of electromagnetic surface wave. Image credit: Arek Socha.
University of Edinburgh’s Dr. Tom Mackay and his colleagues from Pennsylvania State University made the discovery by analyzing how light interacts with certain naturally occurring or man-made crystals.
The researchers found that Dyakonov-Voigt surface waves are produced at a specific region — known as an interface — where the crystals meet another material, such as oil or water.
Named after two leading scientists, these waves can be produced only using certain types of crystal whose optical properties depend on the direction in which light passes through them.
The scientists identified the waves’ unique properties using mathematical models that incorporated equations developed by renowned mathematician and physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
They also found that Dyakonov-Voigt surface waves diminish as they move away from the interface – a process called decay – and travel only in a single direction.
Other types of surface waves decay more quickly and travel in multiple directions.
These phenomena could have a range of useful applications, such as improving biosensors used to screen blood samples or developing fiber optic circuits that transfer data more efficiently.
“Dyakonov-Voigt surface waves represent a step forward in our understanding of how light interacts with complex materials, and offer opportunities for a range of technological advancements,” Dr. Mackay said.
The findings were published online August 28, 2019 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A.
Tom G. Mackay et al. 2019. Dyakonov-Voigt surface waves. Proc. R. Soc. A 475 (2228); doi: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0317
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Light Fidelity (LiFi)
LiFi is the revolutionary technology which enables transmission of data through light. LiFi can be defined as a fully networked optical wireless technology that leverages the spectrum of light instead of radio waves to exchange data. With LiFi, the possibilities are endless and the opportunities tremendous. The applications of LiFi ranges from using it at home or an office environment to streaming high-quality content during flights.
Spectrum of light, being 1000 times wider than the Radio Frequency can achieve significantly faster speed than Wi-Fi. The fact that light cannot trespass through the physical environment makes LiFi a secure bearer of data.
Anywhere solid-state lights (e.g. LED lights) are installed to provide illumination, there can also be high-speed wireless data communications.
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AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network
GWEN site locations
A 1998 U.S. Department of Transportation environmental impact survey that proposed repurposing a number of existing GWEN sites for use by the Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System listed the locations of 29 GWEN sites:[6]
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The next article you will find below, came from the Federal Highway Administration webpage. I immediately noticed the symbol on their logo. Primarily because it i a symbol for the Devil, but also because not too long ago I had created a post that was related to Japan. Check out that post Here:
You can find many more versions of the symbol by clicking the link below:
- Budo no Kukyo – 武道の空虚: ‘Hidari Gomon’ The Ryukyu Symbolhsbudo.blogspot.com
- Here are some of the related images:
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The ‘Hidari Gomon’ 左御紋 (meaning “Left-turning Honourable Crest“) is an ancient symbol of the Ryukyu Kingdom. There are various interesting …
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| 666 the number of the BEAST/The Devil/ Satan |
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They were already beginning to upgrade from the GWEN system to the NDGPS system, starting in 1994
The recent conversion of two Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN) sites in Annapolis and Hagerstown, Md., to Nationwide Differential Global Positioning System (NDGPS) broadcast stations is the latest chapter in the emerging NDGPS.
Whether mapping the natural resources of the largest state or determining the precise boundaries of a family farm, the practical applications of NDGPS are expanding exponentially. (Two previous Public Roads articles —”A More Precise Sense of Where We Are,” Vol. 63, No. 4, January/February 2000, pages 7-13, and “New Applications Make NDGPS More Pervasive,” Vol. 64, No. 4, January/February 2001, pages 39-43 — describe the emerging NDGPS and its burgeoning number of civilian uses.)
In a nutshell, this nationwide system of 300-foot- (91-meter-) high broadcast towers is being created to improve the accuracy of the positioning information obtained via radio signals emitted by the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites traveling in orbit around the Earth.
In 1994, the departments of Transportation, Commerce, and Defense, which were looking for ways to improve the information provided by GPS, recommended the expansion of the Coast Guard’s differential global positioning system (DGPS) system. They also noted that the U.S. Air Force, which operated GWEN, planned to decommission the network and its 53 transmitters across the country. In a subsequent field test, it was demonstrated that these transmitters, which operated on frequencies near the Coast Guard DGPS radio-beacon frequencies, could be successfully used to provide navigational information for surface transportation applications. The Department of Transportation (DOT), which was designated in 1996 as the lead agency for all federal civil GPS matters, determined that conversion of the GWEN transmitters would save the Air Force $6 million in decommissioning costs, while decreasing NDGPS deployment costs by $10 million.
Workmen are getting ready to use a crane to pull and replace equipment shelters. Notice the thin tower in the background. (Photo credit: Melissa Winn)
The process of converting existing GWEN sites to NDGPS sites is relatively simple, compared to the engineering feat of developing the system. The state of Maryland owns the land on which the Annapolis and Hagerstown GWEN sites are located. The Air Force leased the land from Maryland, so the lease had to be transferred to DOT. In addition, the leased property needed to be resurveyed and expanded slightly to accommodate additional equipment. The Coast Guard worked with Maryland’s Department of Public Works to meet all the requirements. Although governmental approvals for the Annapolis site took about eight months due to unanticipated delays, all approvals for the Hagerstown site were secured within about four weeks from start to finish. The average cost of a conversion is about $300,000 to $400,000 for the survey, equipment, and construction of the site.
Miscellaneous tasks that occur as time allows include maintenance on the backup diesel generator, weed control, etc.
When all is ready, the equipment is put through its final check and, if all is fine, begins broadcasting DGPS corrections.
An interagency group of technical people, the NDGPS Policy and Implementation Team, recommends policy for the implementation of the NDGPS system, including establishing priorities for converting GWEN sites to NDGPS.
The practical applications of NDGPS include grand applications and simple ones. For example, the state of Alaska plans to survey the entire state to map out natural resources and roads accurately. To accomplish this by traditional survey methods would cost about $100 million. Alaska transportation officials are convinced that an aerial survey with NDGPS will be more accurate than a land survey and will probably be much less costly.
To survey Alaska — a state with more than 570,000 square miles (almost 1.5 million square kilometers) of land — with NDGPS presents significant challenges: setting up 14 NDGPS sites, grappling with severe weather, getting to remote sites to set up the equipment, providing power to the sites, and coping with permafrost ground conditions in constructing the sites. However, if the funds are available to tackle the task, the result will be an extremely accurate picture of the natural and man-made landscape.
South Carolina has been particularly creative in its use of NDGPS. It is making road surveys more accurate to enhance 911 emergency response times and is using data obtained from NDGPS to update its tax maps.
The service has immediate practical application to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Various conservation programs provide money to farmers for taking their fields out of crop production and putting them into trees or warm season grasses to reduce runoff into local streams and waterways. Quite often, survey markers have become lost and must be resurveyed. The traditional methods are expensive and can take time. With the NDGPS and a plat of the property, it is relatively easy to relocate the markers and determine the area that is covered under the program. We worked with the Natural Resource Conservation Service on a site in Maryland to demonstrate how easy this process was. Using an NDGPS receiver and having one survey point clearly visible, it was easy to generate a bearing and distance to find the remaining survey markers.
DOT currently has 25 operational NDGPS sites with an additional 55 planned before the end of 2004. In addition, the Coast Guard and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers already have 55 maritime NDGPS sites, creating a seamless network over most of the country.
Many of the sites are located in rural areas, resulting in fewer neighborhood complaints, little vandalism, and little or no incursion into environmentally sensitive areas. DOT prefers to lease sites from the owners, many of whom are private citizens, so that the properties will stay on the tax rolls when DOT no longer needs them.
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An Overview of Emergency Communication Networks
Abstract
1. Introduction
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Ability to work during both a disaster situation and at times of normality;
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Dynamic expansion of the network to provide more coverage;
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Accurately transmit disaster information and provide comprehensive services;
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Have high reliability, high redundancy, high safety, and high anti-interference capabilities.
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What is the key technology of emergency communication networks?
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What is the importance of emergency communication networks?
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What are the main advantages of emergency communication networks compared with traditional networks?
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What are the limitations of emergency communication networks?
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What progress has been made in the research into emergency communication network?
2. Materials and Methods
3. Review of Emergency Communication Networks
3.1. Network Classification
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According to the transmission medium, networks can be divided into wired communication networks and wireless communication networks.
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According to the attributes, networks can be divided into public networks and private networks.
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According to geographical classification, networks can be divided into local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area network (MANs), and wide area network (WANs).
3.1.1. Satellite Networks
3.1.2. Ad Hoc Networks
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Wireless Mesh Network (WMN)
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WMN is a multi-hop network that automatically selects the best path to avoid communication failure due to obstacles, so as to provide service transmission capability for users who are not within line-of-sight range.
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WMN has flexible and diverse networking modes, supports dynamic topology networking, provides effective networking capabilities for application scenarios with high mobility requirements, ensures the quality of connectivity among users, and expands network coverage.
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WMN is capable of self-organizing, self-healing, and self-balancing, with strong network reliability.
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Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)
MANET is a new type of broadband WMN based on ad hoc networking mode. Its structure is shown in Figure 3. MANET makes use of the routing and forwarding function of mobile terminals to communicate without infrastructure, thus compensating for the lack of network communication infrastructure available. The features of MANET are:
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MANET is a distributed, multi-hop relay wireless broadband system without a center, and provides dynamic routing, strong damage resistance, and good scalability. Its network topology changes dynamically, and it internally uses its own routing protocol to complete wireless communication among nodes through wireless multi-hop forwarding.
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MANET has the advantages of having a low deployment and maintenance cost, large coverage, high rate, strong network robustness and adaptability, and link self-sensing and self-healing. It can not only exist as an independent wireless self-organizing network, but also serve as an effective supplement and expansion of an existing heterogeneous network system.
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MANET can be widely used in military communication private networks, public security private networks, emergency communication private networks, regional broadband private networks, and wireless monitoring private networks.
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Wireless transmission bandwidth is limited, and signal fading and noise interference exist;
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Poor security and the wireless link makes the network vulnerable to link layer attacks;
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Without centralized nodes, it is difficult to connect with external systems;
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Limitations of mobile terminals: mobile terminals in MANET have the advantages of dexterity and good mobility, but are limited by their power supply, small memory, and low CPU performance.
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Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET)
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Signal attenuation: objects placed between two communication vehicles as obstacles are one of the challenges that affect VANET efficiency;
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Bandwidth limitation: VANET has no central coordinator to control the communication between nodes;
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Connectivity: due to the high mobility and rapid change in the topology, fragmentation often occurs in the network;
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Small effective diameter: due to the small effective network diameter of VANET, the communication connectivity between nodes is weak.
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Fly Ad Hoc Network (FANET)
FANET is a self-organizing wireless network that enables communication between flying nodes, such as UAVs, without a fixed network infrastructure, making it low cost, flexible, and easy to deploy. FANET can be regarded as an extended paradigm of MANET, realizing communication between UAVs and between UAVs and control stations. FANET not only has the inherent characteristics of a wireless ad hoc network, such as multiple hops, self-organization, and centrality, but also has some functions related to UAVs, such as the rapid change in network topology caused by high-speed moving nodes, sparsity of network nodes and network heterogeneity, network node peers, and data relay capability. UAVs have potential advantages in wireless communications because they can transfer data from the air to one or more ground stations [82], so they can be widely used in disaster areas where communications are completely shut down due to an unexpected disaster. As shown in Figure 5a, there are four types of links between UAVs and different radio facilities (e.g., FANET base station, cellular base station, and satellite) in the ad hoc network.
- 5.
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Sea Ad Hoc Network (SANET)
SANET is a wireless multi-hop network composed of nodes (e.g., ships, offshore buoys, and beacons). As shown in Figure 6, connections can be established between these nodes, or with coastal base stations and satellites [85,86]. SANET has characteristics that are similar to those of other wireless networks: composition made up of mobile nodes; high processing capacity; no energy restrictions; and high data storage capacity. However, there are some differences in many areas, such as power consumption, topology, speed, and deployment changes.
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Quality of Service (QoS): maintaining the best forwarding quality of service is important because it involves certain requirements, latency, throughput, and packet error rates associated with the application.
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Security: confidentiality and integrity are important for information transmission.
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Scalability: the most important step in achieving effective ship communication is to ensure a stable routing mechanism on SANET. Due to the variation in ship mobility and network topology, the routing path is often interrupted, so it is difficult to ensure its stability.
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Routing protocol: has large end-to-end latency and reduced packet delivery rate.
- 6.
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Comparison with other ad hoc networks
3.1.3. Cellular Networks
Cellular mobile communication adopts cellular wireless networking mode to connect terminals and network devices through wireless channels, so as to realize mutual communication between users. After developing the 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G technologies, cellular mobile communication technology has entered the 5G era, and the development vision of 6G was proposed at the same time [87,88,89,90]. The development trend from 1G to 6G is shown in Figure 7. Modern mobile communication technology can be mainly divided into low frequency, medium frequency, high frequency, VHF, and UHF frequency bands. In these bands, technicians can connect terminal devices in the mobile communication network, using mobile station technology, base station technology, and mobile switching technology to meet people’s mobile communication needs. In emergency communication networks, the most significant advantage of mobile communication technology is the large communication distance, wide coverage area, and low cost. However, in the case of major natural disasters and public safety accidents, the public communication network may be interrupted and unavailable, and seriously affect the rescue effect.
3.1.4. Wireless Private Networks
3.1.5. Comparison of Different Networks
3.2. Summary of Network Development Status
3.2.1. 370M Narrowband Private Networks
According to communication scenarios and regions, emergency management communication mainly includes two layers: the 370M PDT digital cluster system and the field emergency communication system. The overall network structure is shown in Figure 8. The 370M PDT digital cluster system includes a PDT + LTE broadband-narrowband fusion core network, a fixed base station, a mobile base station, an integrated command and dispatching center, a site emergency communication system, and terminal equipment. The characteristics of the whole communication system are: mobile is the main network and fixed is the auxiliary network; the mobile vehicle-mounted PDT cluster station is closely combined with the fixed PDT broadcast network; the PDT private network, LTE private network, and public network clusters are interconnected and provide unified scheduling. Functionally, the system realizes the integration from traditional voice communication to voice, data, and multimedia. Technically, it realizes the integration of broadband, narrowband, Internet of Things, wired, and wireless communication. The network structure also realizes the integration of satellite networks, public networks, and private networks. At present, China’s emergency management departments are building 370M PDT emergency private network clusters in an orderly manner, but there are also some challenges, mainly including:
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Interconnecting the 370M PDT wireless cluster private network with the existing analog cluster.
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Connecting the 370M PDT wireless cluster private network to the completed emergency command and dispatching network.
3.2.2. Mobile Satellite Networks
The BeiDou, Tiantong, broadband satellite, and ground mobile communication systems can meet the transmission requirements for low delay, large capacity, and high rate of emergency communication. The network architecture is shown in Figure 9. After a disaster, the emergency command vehicle arrives at the disaster site, and realizes data communication and relay communication with the rear emergency command center through satellite communication, ground fixed cable communication, and ground mobile communication networks. If the vehicle cannot reach the site, rescuers will carry various emergency mobile communication terminals to the disaster site, and realize point-to-point communication with the emergency command vehicle through BeiDou handheld terminals, Beidou vehicle positioning terminals, short-wave radios, and Tiantong handhelds. The transmission route of emergency mobile communication is from the frontline personnel to the emergency communication vehicle, and then to the rear command center. If no public network exists, Ku broadband satellite communication is used to realize image transmission. Tiantong handheld terminals are used to realize voice transmission and BeiDou short messages are used to realize text transmission of command and dispatch information.
3.2.3. Hybrid Networks
3.2.4. 5G Networks
3.3. Case Study: Broadband-Narrowband Emergency Communication Command System
The high-frequency propagation curve was analyzed using the cost-231hata model. The link parameters of the base station were set, the maximum path loss allowed for the uplink and downlink was calculated, and the uplink and downlink coverage radius was obtained. The link maximum path loss (MAPL) is shown in the following:
where EIRP is the effective omnidirectional radiation power at the transmitting end; GtalGtal is the sum of the transmitting antenna gain and receiving antenna gain; LtalLtal is the sum of human body loss, feeder loss, and penetration loss; MtalMtal is the sum of interference margin and shadow margin; Rs is the minimum receiving sensitivity.
The link coverage radius is shown in the following:
where f is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave; haha is the antenna height of the base station; hmhm is the height of the base station; r is the coverage radius of the base station; Cm is the correction factor; a(hm) is the height correction factor of the base station antenna. The specific parameter settings are shown in Table 6.
3.4. Future Development Directions
3.4.1. Intelligent Networks and Integrated Networks
3.4.2. Space-Air-Ground-Sea Integration Networks
Due to limitations in the radio spectrum, service geographic coverage, and operating costs, 5G ground communication networks alone cannot provide high-quality and reliable services at any time and in any place. This is especially the case in remote areas such as oceans, forests, and deserts [114]. In order to provide truly ubiquitous wireless communication services on a global scale, it is necessary to develop an integrated space-air-ground-sea network to achieve global connectivity. The rapid development of wireless, broadband, fusion, and three-dimensional network technology provides the construction foundation for the integration of the space-air-ground-sea network with information sharing, interconnection, and unified command. Integrated use of big data, cloud computing, AI, satellite communications, multimedia communications, mobile communications, and other advanced technologies, and integration of space-based, air-based, ground-based, and sea-based platforms, can be used to construct the space-air-ground-sea integrated emergency communication network architecture. This architecture can realize the overall emergency resource planning and collaborative services of multiple platforms. The network architecture is shown in Figure 12. The integrated space-air-ground-sea network is based on a ground network, extended by air-based and sea-based networks, and connected and supplemented by a space-based network; thus, it covers the natural space including space, the sky, the ground, and the ocean [126,127]. The air-based network consists of satellites, which can be divided into GEO, MEO, and LEO satellites. The space-based network is composed of aerial platforms such as near-space airships, airplanes, UAVs, and hot-air balloons. The ground-based network is mainly composed of LANs and cellular mobile networks, including all wired and wireless network facilities on the ground. Currently, this mainly relies on 5G network technology. The sea-based network consists of coastal base stations, surface ships, buoys, etc.
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Air-based network
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Space-based network
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Ground-based network
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Sea-based network
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Integrate ground system and non-ground system: design an open and secure gateway interface to realize network interconnection and gradually optimize the delay and transmission cost of non-ground networks.
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Unified planning of satellites with different orbital heights to realize networking communication: adopt the architecture mode and key technology similar to that of the ground network, and improve the networking efficiency of the space-air-ground-sea integration.
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Realize the reuse and sharing of space-air-ground-sea communication network equipment and computing processing capacity: through modularization of equipment, cloud computing and processing, and other technologies, the cost of emergency rescue can be further reduced and network technical support can be provided for emergency response.
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The network dynamic change speed is fast, the structure is complex, and the topology changes frequently;
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The performance of different service facilities (e.g., satellites and base stations) varies greatly;
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High construction cost and high trial-and-error cost.
4. Discussion
To summarize, each emergency communication network technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, in the field of emergency communication, various networks should be used together to complement each other’s advantages and cooperate with each other, so as to better complete more complex communication tasks. A typical collaborative network scenario is shown in Figure 13. The system integrates satellite communication systems, a cellular network, a wireless private network, and an ad hoc network to obtain resilient post-disaster communication services through collaboration with various systems. The accident scene and the rescue command center realize data, voice, and video services through the cellular network. When cellular communication is interrupted due to a major accident or disasters, the wireless private network can be used to continue communication. The system can expand the communication range by means of an ad hoc network. Due to the advantages of the rapid and flexible deployment of UAVs in complex environments, FANET can be used to provide wireless network access services for air platforms. The emergency network at the disaster site can be deployed by emergency communication vehicles; however, in the case of complex terrain environments, such as earthquakes and floods, satellite communication system is a better choice. In general, in the case of sudden large-scale natural disasters and public emergencies, a single communication network technology cannot guarantee communication needs, so the emergency communication network should integrate multiple communication technologies to ensure normal communication.
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Frequency resources: at present, there is a lack of national disaster communication dedicated spectrum. Effective spectrum management and dedicated disaster spectrum can minimize network congestion after disasters.
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Bandwidth limitation: wireless transmission bandwidth is limited, and suffers from signal fading and noise interference.
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Security: for information transmission, security services must be provided to enable reliable and secure communication through privacy, authentication, or access control. In an emergency, the deployed wireless communication network may be vulnerable to failures and security threats, resulting in incorrect data. Reliable, secure, and robust communications are therefore critical to successful emergency management operations.
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Routing protocol: due to the different mobilities and topologies of different networks, routing paths are prone to interruption. In order to ensure the stability of networks, an efficient routing algorithm is needed.
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Network mobility: the nodes of a hybrid network have special mobility. Furthermore, the network topology changes rapidly and ground terminals or ground sub-nets composed of multiple terminals are in constant motion. Therefore, network mobility has gradually become a key factor affecting network performance.
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Access, switching, and fusion: the hybrid network is composed of multiple sub-nets, and different communication networks differ in terms of their nodes, links, functions, and other attributes. Therefore, an efficient and robust network structure is required to cope with the access, switching, and fusion among heterogeneous networks.
5. Conclusions
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The application of communication networks is introduced by citing different examples. Subsequently, the characteristics and importance of emergency communication network are discussed.
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The classification of emergency communication networks under different standards is introduced. The paper then describes the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of different network technologies, such as satellite networks, WMN, MANET, VANET, FANET, SANET, cellular networks, and wireless private networks.
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This paper summarizes a large number of emergency communication schemes currently in use, analyzes the challenges of these schemes, and proposes some possible directions.
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A case study is introduced of a portable broadband-narrowband integrated emergency communication command system. The characteristics, topology structure, and application method of the case are introduced in detail, and the system was tested in the field. The test results show that the communication distance of the system is 15~20 km, which ensures communication for the visual dispatch of emergency rescue services.
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The problems, challenges, and future research directions of the emergency communication network are discussed, and the development trend of space-air-ground-sea networks is clearly introduced.
Author Contributions
Funding
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Switch on your AM radio set (if you still have one in this digital age, otherwise ask your father), tune it to where there is no broadcast signal and listen if there is a thunderstorm somewhere in the distance.
Oct 23, 2019 at 17:49