OXYGEN is LIFE and WATER makes up most of our body. (90 percent of the body weight of humans is from water, and the human body contains an average of 60% water. Source). We cannot live very long without either one of them. Do you really understand that truth?
If we KNOW that, we should be doing everything in our power to protect those two elements. If we lose one or both of them, nothing else will really matter.
I know that no one wants to believe it, but there are those who want us dead and are doing everything in their power to make it happen. Even more unbelievable is that they want you to be a party to their shenanigans. They not only want you to agree with them, but they NEED YOU TO AGREE WITH THEM. They do not have authority over you, unless you surrender it to them.
Keep that in mind as you view this post.
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Oxygen Is The Biggest Conspiracy And Truth
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CLOUD EXPERIMENT – COSMICS LEAVING OUTDOOR DROPLETS
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CLOUD
Could there be a link between galactic cosmic rays and cloud formation? An experiment at CERN is using the cleanest box in the world to find out
The Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment uses a special cloud chamber to study the possible link between galactic cosmic rays and cloud formation. Based at the Proton Synchrotron (PS) at CERN, this is the first time a high-energy physics accelerator has been used to study atmospheric and climate science. The results should contribute much to our fundamental understanding of aerosols and clouds, and their affect on climate.
What can cosmic rays tell us about climate?
Cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the Earth’s atmosphere from outer space. Studies suggest they may influence cloud cover either through the formation of new aerosols (tiny particles suspended in the air that can grow to form seeds for cloud droplets) or by directly affecting clouds themselves. Clouds exert a strong influence on the Earth’s energy balance; changes of only a few per cent have an important effect on the climate. However, despite its importance for climate, aerosol formation is poorly understood. Measuring the underlying microphysics in controlled laboratory conditions is important for a better understanding of atmospheric aerosol and is the key to unravelling the possible connection between cosmic rays and clouds.
What does the CLOUD experiment do?
The CLOUD experiment involves an interdisciplinary team of scientists from 17 institutes in nine countries, comprising atmospheric physicists and chemists, and cosmic-ray and particle physicists. The Proton Synchrotron provides an artificial source of “cosmic rays” that simulates natural conditions between ground level and the stratosphere. A beam of particles is passed through the cloud chamber and its effects on aerosol production or on liquid or ice clouds inside the chamber are recorded and analysed.
The experiment includes an advanced cloud chamber equipped with a wide range of external instrumentation to monitor and analyse its contents. The temperature conditions anywhere in the atmosphere can be recreated within the chamber. All experimental conditions can be controlled and measured, including the “cosmic ray” intensity and the trace atmospheric vapours in the chamber, which are set to levels of only a few molecules per trillion.
What has CLOUD shown us about our world?
In 2014 CERN’s CLOUD experiment made a huge discovery when it showed that biogenic vapours emitted by trees and oxidised in the atmosphere have a significant impact on the formation of clouds, thus helping to cool the planet.
| First climate experiment in the particle accelerator at CERNPress University of Vienna | August 25, 2011
Climate experiment in the particle accelerator CLOUD is the first climate experiment to use the particles produced in a particle accelerator to investigate the influence of cosmic radiation on the formation of new aerosol particles. The chamber, which was specially developed for this purpose, consists of a four-metre-high cylinder in which the researchers create aerosol particles and clouds under controlled conditions. Temperature, relative humidity, ionization and the concentrations of trace gases can be controlled extremely precisely. The level of interference and the measurement ofFalsifying impurities can be kept lower than in all previous experiments. CLOUD uses the world’s best instrumentation to accurately measure the extremely low concentrations of trace gases. Researchers at the University of Vienna, in cooperation with several foreign research institutes, have experimentally determined the number concentration of aerosol particles produced in the CLOUD measuring chamber by using a battery of condensation particle counters. They were also involved in the development of a novel fibre-optic UV system for the production of sulphuric acid vapour. It is particularly interesting that nucleation processes can be compared with each other under different conditions. On the one hand, trace gases are ionized by natural cosmic radiation. On the other hand, additional ionization can be generated with the help of a pion beam from CERN’s particle accelerator. A measurement in which the influences of the ions are completely suppressed is also possible. (vs) The paper “Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation” (authors: Kirkby et al) was published in the journal “Nature” on 25 August 2011. |
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WE CAN’T BREATHE!!
BREATH IS LIFE – IT’S WORTH FIGHTING FOR Tags: Chemtails, Weather Manipulation, Holy Spirit, Breath of Life, GeoEngineering, Air Force Whistleblower, Human Modification, Weather Warfare, Hypoxia, COVID 19 Update: 7/29/21 We are living in an artificial world. Can’t trust anything we see, hear, taste, smell, touch, dream, imagine, or think! Everything is being hacked, transformed, … Click Here to Read More
All The Colors of the Rainbow
Today we are going to look at some really interesting information regarding the state of EARTH. What is going on in our skies, and what the scientists want you to believe. Is the Sky GOING GREEN? What? GREEN SKIES ARE COMMONPLACE? Do you buy the idea that Green Skies are normal signs of impending storms … Click Here to Read More
Weather Manipulation/Geo-Engineering/Climate Control – NOT A “CONSPIRACY THEORY” – THEY OWE TRUTHERS AN APOLOGY
UPDATE ADDED 8/13/25 I am appalled and heartbroken at the number of people who still don’t acknowledge that Weather Manipulation, Geo-Engineering, Climate Control exist. There is SO MUCH evidence. It is laughable that the Mainstream Media and Mainstream “Scientists” continue to deny and “debunk” the truth that is available for anyone with eyes to see. … Click Here to Read More
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- Landmark movie in the film noir tradition, Roman Polanski’s Chinatown stands as a true screen classic. Jack Nicholson is private eye Jake Gittes, living off the murky moral climate of sunbaked, pre-war Southern California. Hired by a beautiful socialite (Faye Dunaway) to investigate her husband’s extra-marital affair, Gittes is swept into a maelstrom of double dealings and deadly deceits, uncovering a web of personal and political scandals that come crashing together for one, unforgettable night in…Chinatown. Co-starring film legend John Huston and featuring an Academy Award®-winning script by Robert Towne, Chinatown captures a lost era in a masterfully woven movie that remains a timeless gem.
spacerGolden Gate in the Golden State Part 3 – Water Control and the Occult
Updates added at the End. So far, we have learned that GOLD has played a very large part in the development of this area from the beginning. We have also seen that using dams to aid in the mining process is something that has been historically practiced here. This first article relates to the Oroville … Click Here to Read More
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5G manipulates the irons in the oxygen atom, and in turn stops our bodies from absorbing oxygen
177 Views – 1 year ago
Key Findings
Conclusion
uniladtech.comNASA Reveals Earth Is ‘Running Out of Oxygen’ as Study Pinpoints Date for End of Life
The NASA “Blue Marble Hoax”: Why Does NASA Keep Using the Same Fake Images?For decades, NASA has presented the world with stunning images of Earth from space, the most famous being the “Blue Marble” photograph. These images are meant to symbolize humanity’s shared home—a fragile, beautiful sphere floating in the vastness of space. But what if these images aren’t real? A growing number of researchers and skeptics argue that NASA’s “Blue Marble” photos are not authentic photographs but rather digitally manipulated composites—some even claim they are entirely computer-generated. More suspiciously, NASA has been caught reusing the same image multiple times under different dates and missions, raising serious questions about their credibility. In this article, we will examine:
1. What is the “Blue Marble” Photo?The original “Blue Marble” photo was supposedly taken on December 7, 1972, by the crew of Apollo 17, the last manned mission to the Moon. It shows a fully illuminated Earth, with Africa, Antarctica, and swirling clouds visible.
This image became iconic—used in textbooks, environmental campaigns, and media to represent Earth. However, NASA has released multiple versions of the “Blue Marble” over the years, often with different cloud patterns, colors, and even landmass shapes. The Problem: NASA Reuses the Same ImageOne of the biggest red flags is that NASA has recycled the same basic image, tweaking it slightly and presenting it as a new photograph from different missions. For example:
If these were genuine photographs taken at different times, why do the continents and cloud patterns align almost perfectly? READ THE FULL ARTICLE |
| Robert Simmon is a Senior Data Visualization Engineer at Planet Labs, a commercial Earth observation company in San Francisco.[1] Prior to moving in 2014, he was employed as a Senior Program Analyst at Goddard Space Flight Center where he was affiliated with the Climate and Radiation Laboratory and the NASA Earth Observatory.[2] While serving as a Lead Data Visualizer and Information Designer at this division of NASA,[2] Simmon is most notable for his visualization of the Western Hemisphere of Earth. Well known as the Blue Marble 2012, this image that would become the default wallpaper on the first iPhone in 2007.[3] Furthermore, in Simmon’s field of information visualization, through his work with NASA, he strove to “help people better understand how the Earth works.”[4] |
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According to a new study by NASA, Earth is running out of oxygen, and they even know when it will occur. The study was led by Kazumi Ozaki from Toho University and Christopher Reinhard from Georgia Tech and sought to model the far future of Earth’s atmosphere. The team discovered that the Earth’s oxygen levels will eventually collapse to a fraction of what it is today as the sun grows brighter over time. According to their simulations, the oxygenated phase of our planet’s atmosphere will last for around a billion more years before rapidly transitioning back to an environment reminiscent of the ancient past.
The Study on The Deoxygenation of the Earth’s Atmosphere
For the study, the researchers combined a climate model with a comprehensive biogeochemical model of the oxygen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, and methane cycles. They then ran various scenarios to account for uncertainties in the planet’s surface processes and internal chemistry. Throughout these different scenarios, the same overarching picture became more evident. As the luminosity of the sun increases over time, the long-term carbon cycle of the Earth pulls carbon dioxide out of the air quickly.
This ultimately cuts off the possibility for photosynthesis to occur. Due to this sudden cutoff of oxygen production, levels rapidly plummet, and life as we know it comes to a dramatic end. According to the study, the estimate is that the remaining lifespan of our planet is around ~1.08 ± 0.14 billion years. As the sun grows brighter, silicate weathering occurs faster, which locks carbon dioxide into sediments and minerals, cutting down the amount present in the atmosphere. Since plants require carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, if levels fall low enough, global photosynthesis is prevented from occurring, and the supply line of oxygen breaks down.
Reminiscent of an Ancient Atmosphere
The researchers also project that the future of our planet’s atmosphere will be very similar to how it was before complex life thrived. This means that it will likely be rich in methane but very low in carbon dioxide and without any ozone layer to protect it. Without an adequate supply of oxygen, the ozone thins out significantly, which allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth’s surface. This type of hostile environment would be challenging for plant life or animals to arise and survive in, yet would perfectly suit the microbial communities that thrive in the absence of oxygen. This is the opposite of what happened around 2 billion years ago during the Great Oxidation Event. During this period, oxygen rose to levels that allowed complex organisms to develop.
Changing Views on Searching For Life On Other Planets
Furthermore, the models revealed that this point arrived before Earth starts to lose large quantities of surface water to space. This means that the Earth still has oceans when oxygen levels drop. This sequence of events can drastically reshape how we interpret life on far-flung worlds. For example, it suggests that basing the presence of life on a planet’s oxygen levels may be unsuitable. Even a living planet covered with oceans won’t always have high levels of oxygen, such as Earth, which has spent long stretches with little or no oxygen. This means that researchers need to start looking for far more complex biosignatures, such as combinations of gases that seem logical only if biological processes are occurring in low-oxygen conditions.
How the Past Can Reveal Our Potential Future
Earth’s rocks are like historical documents for our atmosphere, recording billions of years of changes. For more than a billion years, there was very little oxygen and an abundance of methane until the Great Oxidation Event occurred. These rocks can be read like records, and they help scientists build their computer models. If these models can “replay” the past increase in oxygen levels using known natural processes, then we can have more faith when they make predictions about the future. New research has suggested that before the big event, oxygen rose for small periods and then dropped again, proving that Earth’s oxygen levels can rise and fall over long stretches of time.
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NASA scientists reveal exact moment Earth will ‘run out of oxygen’ as CO2 continues to increase
May 8, 2025 · As CO2 continues to increase, a NASA study has estimated the point at which Earth will run out of oxygen. According to the research …
As CO2 continues to increase, a NASA study has estimated the point at which Earth will run out of oxygen.
According to the research published in Nature Geoscience, Earth’s oxygen-rich atmosphere will eventually shift to a methane-rich one, wiping out life as we know it.
NASA scientists have linked the reason for this to the Sun’s increasing brightness, the deceleration of the carbonate-silicate cycle, and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
It looks like the universe may end much sooner than anticipated.
Dutch researchers have looked into the initial theories about when the universe is likely to cease to exist.
The team from Radboud University in the Netherlands put their heads together and used Hawking radiation to come to a conclusion.
This theory is named after the late Stephen Hawking, who came up with the idea that black holes leak radiation and they eventually evaporate.
Scientists at the university then used this theory on other objects in the universe — neutron stars and white dwarfs, for example — and discovered that these things also disappear like black holes.
Neutron stars and white dwarfs are the final stage of a star’s life cycle, and while they can remain in this stage for a long time, Radboud researchers have proposed a new theory that they too gradually dissipate like black holes.
With this in mind, it’s now expected that the universe will end in 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (one quinvigintillion or 0 to the power of 78) years.
While this is still a very long time away, it’s a drastic revision from previous estimate of of 10 to the power of 1,100 years, explains CBS News.
Speaking about their findings, lead author Heino Falcke said: “So the ultimate end of the universe comes much sooner than expected, but fortunately it still takes a very long time.”
Elsewhere the study has been described as ‘an exciting collaboration of different disciplines and that combining astrophysics, quantum physics and mathematics leads to new insights’, says Phys.org.
Noting this, study co-author Walter van Suijlekom shared: “By asking these kinds of questions and looking at extreme cases, we want to better understand the theory, and perhaps one day, we will unravel the mystery of Hawking radiation.”
Researchers used Hawking’s radiation theory as part of their calculations (Paul. E. Alers/NASA via Getty Images)
However, we needn’t worry about the end of the universe because if Steven Hawking’s predictions about the end of the world are accurate, we’ll be long gone by the time it ceases to exist. Hawking previously suggested that the Earth will die out in 2600.
He said that things like nuclear war, global warming, and genetically-engineered viruses will contribute to Earth’s demise, and NASA have since echoed similar sentiments.
Speaking last year, the space agency warned: “For more than 50 years, NASA has studied our home planet, providing information to directly benefit humanity and producing observations that can only be gathered in space that address some of the areas that Hawking mentioned.
“The effects of human-caused global warming are happening now, are irreversible for people alive today, and will worsen as long as humans add greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere.”
Featured Image Credit: Getty Images/DrPixel
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NASA reveals Earth is ‘running out of oxygen’ as study pinpoints date for ‘end of life’
The space agency reveals humanity’s end date
We’ve been inundated with doomsday theories and prophecies as of late.
If it’s not warnings of an AI apocalypse by tech experts, it’s doomsday prophecies from the world’s biggest mystics and theories of a possible World War 3.
Now, NASA has added another item to the list of Earth’s impending doom.
Already, the Trump administration has announced plans to cut space mission funding and terminate crucial NASA observatories that monitor the effects of human activity on greenhouse gas emissions.
NASA reveals Earth is ‘running out of oxygen’ and marks an ‘end of life’ date. (fotograzia/Getty)
But according to a new study, partially funded by NASA’s Astrobiology program, the longevity of Earth‘s oxygenated atmosphere is not looking good.
The research indicates that in roughly one billion years, Earth’s oxygen levels could plummet to less than 10% of current concentrations as the Sun gradually becomes more luminous.
However, scientists warn that the irreversible decline toward this ‘great deoxygenation’ could begin much sooner, potentially within 10,000 years.
“The lifespan of oxygen-rich atmospheres may be shorter than we previously thought,” said Christopher Reinhard, a co-author from the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Conducted by scientists from NASA and Japan’s Toho University, the study focused on how increasing solar radiation will eventually doom our planet’s life-supporting atmosphere.
As the Sun grows brighter over geological time, our planet will heat up dramatically, causing atmospheric carbon dioxide to break down.
This creates a deadly chain reaction for us living things. Plants need CO2 for photosynthesis, so as carbon dioxide disappears, vegetation dies off.
Solar radiation will eventually doom our planet’s life-supporting atmosphere. (Jose A. Bernat Bacete/Getty)
Since plants are Earth’s primary oxygen makers, their end means oxygen production grinds to a halt while existing oxygen continues to be consumed.
Humans and most other complex life forms would see their demise in these extreme conditions, with only anaerobic microorganisms surviving.
Without sufficient oxygen being generated, Earth loses its protective ozone layer, allowing dangerous ultraviolet radiation to bombard the surface.
This ‘great deoxygenation’ will result in ‘high concentration of methane, low levels of CO2, and the absence of an ozone layer’ for Earth’s atmosphere, as described by research lead, Kazumi Ozaki.
This wouldn’t be the first time Earth has experienced an atmosphere like this. Our planet had similar atmospheric conditions billions of years ago, before the Great Oxidation Event created the oxygen-rich environment that allowed complex life to flourish.
Fortunately for us, though, this isn’t something we have to worry about happening in our lifetime.
The final collapse is roughly a billion years away, and the study suggests the irreversible decline will only begin in about 10,000 years. It sounds pretty close, but it’s still approximately 400 human generations away from now.
Featured Image Credit: Bilanol / Getty
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NASA IS Constantly FEAR MONGERING using all their phony images from space. Threatening us on a regular basis with impending doom. I can’t believe anyone is foolish enough to buy all their lies, especially in believing that they ha rockets out lightyears away in space sending phot images to us via software!!! HA HA HA! We can’t even keep a decent image on our digital TVs.
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NET ZERO – THE FINAL SOLUTION?
WE ARE ALL ONE, Brotherhood not only of man but of every thing on the planet. They talk about LOVE and ACCEPTANCE. They talk about PEACE, SAFETY and HARMONY. UNITY – EQUITY – FREEDOM! ALL ARE ONE! All that sounds so good. Sadly, the general masses believe they are talking about us. No, no, no, … Click Here to Read More
ZERO IS THE PLAN! BEWARE!
ZERO seems to be the WORD of our TIMES. It is everywhere. Zero this and Zero that. It is all over our groceries, its in the news and on the television. In big, colorful letters so you just can’t miss it. You can hardly escape it. That is by design. ZERO is where we are … Click Here to Read More
ZERO IS THE WORD
zero (n.) “figure which stands for naught in the Arabic notation,” also “the absence of all quantity considered as quantity,” c. 1600, from French zéro or directly from Italian zero, from Medieval Latin zephirum, from Arabic sifr “cipher,” translation of Sanskrit sunya-m “empty place, desert, naught” (see cipher (n.)).A brief history of the invention of “zero” can be found here. Meaning “worthless person” is recorded from 1813. … Click Here to Read More
WE CAN’T BREATHE!!
BREATH IS LIFE – IT’S WORTH FIGHTING FOR Tags: Chemtails, Weather Manipulation, Holy Spirit, Breath of Life, GeoEngineering, Air Force Whistleblower, Human Modification, Weather Warfare, Hypoxia, COVID 19 Update: 7/29/21 We are living in an artificial world. Can’t trust anything we see, hear, taste, smell, touch, dream, imagine, or think! Everything is being hacked, transformed, … Click Here to Read More
IMPORTANT INFO YOU NEED NOW!
RESTORED 8/1/23 I apologize that you have not heard from me in a while. God has me busy researching a specific topic. However, there are a lot of things going on right now and I know that many of you are not aware of what is happening and/or why. The following items are not mine. … Click Here to Read More
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2 years ago
The Truth Will Set You Free
Joh 8:31 Then Yahshua said to the Jews who had believed in Him, If you continue in My Word, you are truly My disciples.
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Cows are carbon negative. “They produce more oxygen than they put off methane and carbon”
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CO2
Here is the TRUTH you need to KNOW before it is TOO LATE!! Meat in general is the most nutrient-dense food group, rich in complex proteins, healthy fats, and bioavailable micronutrients that you can only get from animal products Today we are going to focus on “Climate Change”/ Global Warming, well at least that is what … Click Here to Read More
The internet consumes extraordinary amounts of energy. Here’s how we can make it more sustainable
Jun 9, 2021 · How much energy does the internet use, and – given recent technological advances – could it ever run on renewable energy alone?
Disclosure statement: Jeff Kettle has received funding from the EC, Royal Society, Welsh Government and InnovateUK.
Partners: University of Glasgow provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK.
DOI
Republish our articles for free, online or in print, under a Creative Commons license
Around 4.6 billion people use the internet every day. In fact, 350,000 tweets have been sent in the past minute. We tend to think of the internet as something ephemeral – partly thanks to terms like “web” and “cloud” – but the servers that host all that data produce huge amounts of emissions, leaving giant carbon footprints behind.
Today, there are around 30 billion internet-connected devices in the world. This includes personal computers, smartphones, TVs, and tablets, as well as myriad devices using the internet in subtler ways – like smart vehicles, smart home systems and smart watches – termed the Internet of Things.
Such internet-connected technologies are already playing a key role in the transition to a cleaner energy future; for example, home smart meters being rolled out across many countries help monitor and therefore reduce household energy usage. But as we rely on the internet to process, use and store ever more data, the power it uses is increasing. For the sake of our planet, we need to make the web more sustainable.
Energy-sucking servers
Research estimates that by 2025, the IT industry could use 20% of all electricity produced and emit up to 5.5% of the world’s carbon emissions. That’s more than most countries’ total emissions bar China, India and the US.
A growing proportion of IT energy consumption comes from data centres. These are buildings used to store data and computer hardware, which almost always plug directly into the local electricity grid. In most countries, that means they mostly use non-renewable sources of electricity.
Around 50% of data centres are now “hyperscale”, meaning they contain more than 5,000 servers and are generally larger than 1,000m². These are typically used by major players in the data industry such as Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud or Amazon Web Services (AWS) – which alone hosts 5.8% of all sites on the internet.
Much of the world’s internet data are stored in servers like these. Science in HD/Unsplash
A number of these data centres have been trying to reduce their environmental impact and, in the process, to secure lower energy bills. Google have announced their goal to achieve 24/7 renewable energy-powered data centres by 2030, and their first such data centre became operational last year near Las Vegas. To run such centres solely off renewable energy, locating them in regions with abundant wind, solar, geothermal or hydroelectric power available is vital.
The past decade has seen another trend emerge: renewable energy-powered web hosting. Increasing numbers of website owners are choosing to pay platforms like AWS for space to store files on giant web servers.
In an attempt to diminish the environmental impact of all that energy usage, some choose to purchase offsets – payments that theoretically compensate for carbon emissions by supporting low-carbon energy generation – whilst others purchase energy from renewable sources to match their total energy consumption.
Meanwhile, a growing number of businesses have installed renewable energy systems such as solar panels or wind turbines with battery backups to directly power IT infrastructure.
Building a sustainable internet
As the internet grows, I’ve been looking into ways to build greater sustainability closer to home. Designing less energy-intensive websites could be an interesting way to start.
Each user who logged onto The Conversation today generated around 1.3g of CO₂, depending on their location and connection speed. That’s not too bad: although not as good as Google, whose relatively minimalist homepage only generates around 0.2g per visit, it’s far better than the Daily Mail’s image-heavy online homepage generating a whopping 54.0g per visit.
Considering the latter two websites receive around 5 billion and 300 million visits per day respectively, it’s easy to see how our internet-generated carbon emissions add up. If you’re curious about the footprints of other websites, Website Carbon is a simple resource for estimating the CO₂ a website produces.
Web designers could embrace minimalism, helping to reduce the energy required to load images, video and even specialised fonts that all require extra, sizeable files. Of course, this would make for a much less engaging internet experience.
Could sun power the web?
Another potential solution for surfing more sustainably is offered by initiatives like Solar Protocol and the Low Tech Magazine. These ingenious websites are entirely powered by solar energy. Their environmentally friendly, responsive web design strategies – including reduced-colour images and default typefaces – allow their websites to run more efficiently based upon real-time assessment of available sunlight.
Solar Protocol, for example, runs via a network of solar servers located across the globe. When a user visits the site, their content is delivered from the server receiving the most solar energy at that time. The resolution of the website is also dynamically altered according to the energy being generated by the solar panel.
Local solar panels could be a solution to increasing internet sustainability. Vivint Solar/Unsplash
When the solar energy or battery level falls below a specific threshold, due for example to a cloudy day, the websites become low-resolution. They could even revert to a basic, text-only format when the clouds have truly closed in and power is particularly low.
The challenge designers and engineers face is to scale on-site energy generation technologies like these to help run the enormous number of sites on the web. Subtle changes to images or page resolution, made during periods of low wind or solar generation, could have significant effects on energy consumption – but go unnoticed by users.
For businesses, the benefits of using tech like this include not only reduced energy costs but enhanced business reputation, thanks to increased public concern around sustainability. Over 40% of UK businesses already generate some of their electricity on site through solar panels or wind capture.
The largest solar farm in the UK, in Flintshire, Wales, is mostly used for generating power for a nearby paper mill. So the next step of powering commercial websites from locally-owned, renewable-driven servers might not be such a radical step.
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Cooling towers at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Middletown, Pennsylvania, Oct. 30, 2024. Danielle DeVries | CNBC
If there is one thing the U.S. needs to lead the artificial intelligence revolution, it’s electricity. Insane amounts of it.
A 2024 report commissioned by the U.S. Department of Energy found that data centers — the backbone of artificial intelligence — already accounted for more than 4% of U.S. electricity use, and the report said that could grow to 12% by 2028. That would be 580 billion kilowatt hours, or nearly 20 times the annual power consumption of the city of Chicago.
“Data centers run 24/7, and need to be able to support the needs of our users,” said Rachel Peterson, vice president of data centers for Meta. The parent of Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp has announced a massive push into AI.
“We use a lot of power. We need to make sure we have a robust grid,” she said.
Meta is not alone, say economic development experts.
“The big issues right now are deliverability of sites,” said Tom Stringer, a principal and leader of the site selection and incentives practice at Grassi Advisors in New York. “And maybe the biggest component of that is adequate power.”
The deals keep coming. On Tuesday, Google announced it would spend $25 billion to develop data centers along the nation’s largest multi-state grid, an electricity region covering 13 states in all. Meanwhile. CoreWeave announced a $6 billion AI data center project in Pennsylvania.
CNBC considers each state’s electrical grid in our annual competitiveness study, America’s Top States for Business. Under the study’s methodology, we use U.S. Department of Energy data on grid reliability — the duration of power outages per year — as well as the retail price of electricity.
With a wealth of inexpensive, reliable electricity, these states are the best equipped to power the AI revolution, and everything else.
Washington
The power grid in Washington — and across the Pacific Northwest — faces no shortage of challenges. While demand grows, climate change is intensifying the storms that batter the area every year and threatening the consistency of hydroelectric power, an important source for the region. But so far, the state is meeting the demand at a reasonable price.
Largest electric utility: Puget Sound Energy
Power outages statewide: 2.53 hours/year (2023)
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 10.16¢/kWh (2024)
Power from renewable sources: 10.2%
Left: Diablo dam on Skagit river in Washington state. Crady Von Pawlak | Moment | Getty Images
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New Mexico
Largest electric utility: Public Service Company of New Mexico
Power outages statewide: 2.82 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 9.30¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 59.6%
Left: Vera Leader / 500px | 500px | Getty Images
Montana
Largest electric utility: NorthWestern Energy
Power outages statewide: 1.98 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 10.84¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 25.1%
Left: Linemen work on a rebuild of Northwestern Energy electric transmissions lines in Park County on May 14, 2020 in Livingston, Montana. William Campbell | Getty Images News | Getty Images
North Dakota
Largest electric utility: Xcel Energy
Power outages statewide: 3.48 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 8.00¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 34.7%
Left:
Ucg | Universal Images Group | Getty Images
Idaho
Largest electric utility: Idaho Power (IDACORP)
Power outages statewide: 2.29 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 9.52¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 29%
Robert Gauthier | Los Angeles Times | Getty Images
South Dakota
South Dakota is meeting the voracious demand for energy with a heavy reliance on renewables — especially wind, which accounts for 55% of the state’s electricity generation, according to the Energy Department. The only state more reliant on wind is Iowa. The Energy Department notes that wind power surpassed hydropower in South Dakota for the first time in 2021. By 2023, wind energy had surged to three times as much electricity generation as hydropower. All the while, South Dakota has maintained one of the most reliable grids in the nation.
Largest electric utility: Xcel Energy
Power outages statewide: 1.28 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 11¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 62.5%
Left: Torrents of water roar through the Gavins Point Dam just outside Yankton, South Dakota.
Kansas City Star | Tribune News Service | Getty Images
Utah
While coal still accounts for nearly half of Utah’s electricity generation, that is down sharply from 75% a decade ago, according to the Energy Department. The Utah Office of Energy Development says its Strategic Energy Plan differs from energy policies in many other states because it prioritizes the human consequences of its actions.
“While other states enact energy policies focused on energy resources and emissions, Utah is focused on ensuring our citizens maintain their standard of living and have the chance to thrive,” the office’s website says.
The policy aims to double the state’s power production by 2025, while keeping costs affordable, increasing efficiency, and protecting the environment.
Largest electric utility: Rocky Mountain Power – a division of Berkshire Hathaway’s PacifiCorp
Power outages statewide: 2.12 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 9.03¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 32%
Left: Conveyors for moving coal at the Savage Energy Terminal, a coal transfer facility in Price, Utah.vVw Pics | Universal Images Group | Getty Images
Wyoming
Wyoming is coal country — home to about one-third of the nation’s recoverable coal reserves, according to the Energy Department. So, it should come as no surprise that coal-fired power plants produce around three-quarters of Wyoming’s electricity, more than any state except West Virginia. But that is down from 97% in 2003. Since then, coal’s decline as a preferred energy source nationwide has profoundly affected Wyoming’s economy. Still, with the smallest population of any state, and all that coal — plus abundant wind, hydroelectric, natural gas and solar power — Wyoming produces far more power than it consumes. That makes for very low costs on a reliable grid.
Largest electric utility: Rocky Mountain Power – a division of Berkshire Hathaway’s PacifiCorp
Power outages statewide: 1.99 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 9.15¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 24.8%
Left: Coal-fired power plant on river in eastern Wyoming Philaugustavo | E+ | Getty Images
Iowa
No state gets more of its electricity from wind than Iowa, according to the Energy Department, which says Iowa’s power mix has changed rapidly over the past decade or so. Coal, which was dominant until around 2019, now accounts for less than a quarter of the state’s electricity production. The state’s only nuclear plant, the Duane Arnold Energy Center near Cedar Rapids, ceased operations after sustaining damage in the infamous 2020 derecho. Now, the plant’s owner, NextEra Energy Resources, is looking into the possibility of restarting the plant to help meet demand from projects like data centers. But the company is also developing two new solar farms on the site.
Largest electric utility: MidAmerican Energy (Berkshire Hathaway)
Power outages statewide: 1.75 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 9.43¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 65.6%
Left: A composite wind blade, used in the construction of power-generating wind turbines, is displayed in front of the TPI Composites, Inc. manufacturing facility on July 02, 2025 in Newton, Iowa. Scott Olson | Getty Images News | Getty Images
Nebraska
In May, Gov. Jim Pillen signed legislation placing new restrictions on cryptocurrency mining — another major user of electricity. The law requires miners to contribute to grid improvements, and it allows utilities to require them to shut down during times of peak demand.
Largest electric utility: Nebraska Public Power District
Power outages statewide: 1.21 hours/year
Average retail price of electricity (all sectors): 9.19¢/kWh
Power from renewable sources: 33.6%
Correction: Electricity rates are in cents per kilowatt hour. An earlier version of this article misstated the price unit.
Left: Sign outside of the Google Data Center on September 10, 2024 in in Papillion, Nebraska. Misty Prochaska | The Washington Post | Getty Images
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15 MASSIVE DATA CENTERS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
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‘Birth’ of commercial nuclear fusion declared as plans for grid-scale Virginia plant announced
Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) claims to be the world’s first company to develop plans to build a grid-scale fusion plant. The generator will be built in Chesterfield County, Virginia, which the company’s CEO Bob Mumgaard called the “birthplace of commercial fusion energy”.
CFS says their reactor, known as ARC, will generate around 400 MW of electricity for the grid, enough to power 150,000 homes. The company expects to generate at this capacity by the early 2030s.
Nuclear fusion has the potential to generate vast amounts of power from very little resources. All existing nuclear power stations in the world use nuclear fission, which generates radioactive waste that requires highly complex management. Fusion reactors, in contrast, produce no radioactive waste.
The biggest challenge to making nuclear fusion commercially viable is producing “net energy”, which is generating more energy than is required for the reactor to operate.
Net energy was first achieved in 2022 at California’s Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Their success has only been repeated in a handful of facilities around the world, including at the Joint European Tours (JET) research facility at the Culham Centre in Oxfordshire, UK, which ceased experiments in December 2023.
There is also the difficulty of sustaining fusion reactions to deliver a constant power supply. The current world record is held by China’s “artificial sun” facility, which achieved constant fusion reactions for 17 minutes in 2022.
CFS says it will achieve sustained net energy and expects its prototype reactor to be operational by 2026. The reactor will use superconductors to drive powerful magnets which CFS said could produce twice as much energy as it requires.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – Updates 2025
THERE IS A NEW ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE THAT HAS DEVELOPED FAR BEYOND THE AI WE HAVE KNOWN UNTIL NOW. AI IS GAINING ON EVERY LEVEL VERY RAPIDLY; THERE HAVE BEEN MAJOR CHANGES AND YOU NEED TO BE AWARE! THERE IS VERY LITTLE THAT EVEN THE “EXPERT” KNOW ABOUT ITS TRUE CAPABILITIES OR IS HIDDEN ACTIVITIES. FOLKS … Click Here to Read More
UNDER THE SUN
The Sun, the Moon and the Stars are under attack. The Adversary and those who serve him hate everything that comes from GOD. But, most especially they hate the SUN, MOON and STARS because their main purpose is to show forth the GLORY OF GOD. They regulate time and seasons and they show forth signs … Click Here to Read More
Are we under the Sun? or a Satellite? Or a Mirror? Or a Projection?
UPDATE ADDED 6/18/23 The scientists claim they are trying to create a “more dependable” source of energy than the sun. Seriously. They claim that all these countries, testing, launching and operating all these false Sun’s that are 5 or 10 times hotter than our real sun don’t affect the our earth’s environment and do not … Click Here to Read More
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Industrial Oxygen: Its Generation and Use
Prakash Rao and Michael Muller, Center for Advanced Energy Systems,
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey
ABSTRACT:
This paper will look at the industrial uses for oxygen. It will categorize oxygen using processes into: 1) the purpose of oxygen in the process and 2) the effect oxygen enrichment has on the overall process. The paper will also look at four methods of producing oxygen: cryogenics, pressure swing absorption, membrane filter technology and electrolysis. It will compare each against one another in categories such as first time costs, running costs, percent oxygen enrichment attainable, and by-product capability. Furthermore, the paper will then select the appropriate process for each industry discussed. This paper is intended to address the above issues in such a way that a facility manager would be able to make an educated decision on whether or not to consider creating/using oxygen enhanced air in his/her process as well as which technology would be best suited for his/her process.
Introduction:
Role of Oxygen in Combustion
Atmospheric air is comprised of 21% O2, 78% N2 and the remaining 1% is mostly argon and CO2. Air is a chief constituent in combustion. In the combustion process, the oxygen in air is broken down to make carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Nitrogen is not an essential part of the process. In fact, nitrogen in air has negative impacts on combustion processes. Nitrogen gets heated by the reaction to very high combustion temperatures and is carried out through the flue. Essentially, the heated nitrogen leaving the flue is like throwing fuel out of the stack. Also, during the combustion process nitrogen in the air and fuel will break down to form harmful NOx gasses.
Combustion processes can be improved by lowering the amount of nitrogen used in the combustion air and increasing the amount of oxygen. The benefits include: higher combustion efficiencies due to a drop in heat loss (as a result of lower mass flow rates) out of the stack, lower NOx emissions, and higher process temperatures.
Role of Oxygen in Gasification
Gasification is the process by which coal or another carbon based fuel is transformed into a synthesis gas (“syn gas”). This syn gas is made up of mostly CO and H2. This gas can be used to produce electricity or steam. Gasification has many values, including the ability to use low BTU fuels for energy production, easier carbon dioxide capture as compared to traditional sequestration methods, and the ability to produce hydrogen gas.
Gasification is carried out in steps. First, the fuel is ground up into slurry. Next, the fuel is pyrolized in an oxygen starved environment. This turns the majority of the carbon into a gas. The next step is to add oxygen or air (“direct gasification”) or steam (“in-direct gasification”) at high temperatures to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This is the syn gas that can be used 6-124 © 2007 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industryfor a variety of energy producing systems. Before it is used, however, the gas may need to undergo more processing, such as removing particulates or cooling, depending on its end use.
Air can be separated into its constituents using a variety of techniques. This paper will address cryogenic, pressure swing adsorption, membrane technology and by-product methods of O2 generation. Each air separation technology produces oxygen at different purities, pressures, and volumetric flow rates. Furthermore, each technology has different running costs. One air separation method is not any better across all industries than any other technique. Depending on the needs of process, one air separation technique will be more beneficial than others. This paper will look at the glass, gasification and gas-to-liquid industries, with a focus on gasification, their oxygen needs and the effect that oxygen enrichment will have on the process. Current research in metals oxidation will also be addressed.
Description of Technologies
Cryogenic Separation
Cryogenic air separation units (ASU) is an old process used to produce high purity oxygen or nitrogen at high volumes. The process was first developed by Carl Von Linde in 1895 and it remains pretty much the same today. Cryogenics is also the chief method by which liquid oxygen can be produced. The technology is centered on the fact that each of air’s constituents has different boiling points. The idea behind the process is to lower the temperature of the air such that nitrogen and oxygen separate based on their boiling points. This occurs at around 300oF.. If higher purity oxygen or liquid oxygen is required, further distillation is required. For liquid oxygen, nitrogen is used as the heat transfer fluid to further cool the oxygen.
Cryogenic separation is most effective when any of the three criteria need to be met: high purity oxygen is required (>99.5%), high volumes of oxygen are required (≥102 tons of oxygen/day), or high pressure oxygen is required. Cryogenic air separators take more than an hour to start up. Additionally, since cryogenics can produce such a high purity of oxygen, the waste nitrogen stream is of a usable quality [Smith 2001]. This can add significant financial benefits to a process integrated with a cryogenic ASU.
Pressure Swing Adsorption
Pressure swing adsorbers (PSA) are a much newer technology as compared to cryogenic ASU. PSA devices take atmospheric air into a pressurized tank. Inside the tank are zeolites. Zeolites, under pressure, have the ability to deform and create a dipole. Depending on the zeolite chosen, this dipole allows for the collection of nitrogen, but allows oxygen to pass. For oxygen enrichment, the PSA is generally pressurized to a minimum of 1.5 atm. After a certain volume of air has been separated, the zeolite will become saturated with nitrogen. At this point, it needs to be regenerated. This is done by dropping the pressure of the tank back to atmospheric pressure, thus returning the zeolite to its original polarity. This liberates the nitrogen. Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorbers (VPSA) lower the pressure in the tank to sub atmospheric values, thus improving the regeneration process. In both processes, while one tank is regenerating, another tank is usually charging. This allows for a continuous production of oxygen.
PSA devices are best suited for processes that do not require extremely high purities of oxygen (<95%). While PSAs can achieve as high as 99.9%, the cost associated with going above 6-125 © 2007 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry99.5% in a PSA device rises tremendously. Furthermore, PSA devices are best suited for small volumes of oxygen production, typically on the order of 101 tons/day. Since the output of oxygen is largely controlled by the bed size in the PSA systems, costs rise linearly when higher volumes of oxygen are required. PSA devices take a few minutes for start-up [Smith 2001]. A mid-sized pressure swing adsorbers running costs are shown below. The data is for an Oxair Model OXT-B14 adsorber.
Also, the usability of by-product nitrogen in PSA systems is limited because the nitrogen will have significant levels of oxygen. [Smith 2001].
Membrane Technology
Conventional membrane technology involves passing air over a membrane filter. The filter will allow fast gasses to pass and slow gasses will stay. Oxygen is considered a fast gas and nitrogen and argon are considered slow gasses. Varying levels of purity can be achieved by varying the time that the gas spends undergoing filtration. Previous membrane technology could only produce purity levels of less than 50%. Membrane technology has quick start-up times and operates at near ambient conditions. Capital costs with membrane systems increase linearly with output volume desired. Currently, membrane technologies can satisfy needs of up to 20 tons of oxygen/day. [Smith 2001]
However, recently there has been a significant technological break through in membrane technology. The ion transport membrane (ITM) was developed by Air Products and Chemicals, in conjunction with the United States Department of Energy and Ceramatec. Reports have shown that this technology can produce greater than 99% purity O2 at much lower costs than cryogenic separation. [Dyer 2000]
Three separate ITM technologies have been developed: SEOS™ Oxygen Generator, ITM Oxygen, and ITM Syngas.
The SEOS™ system consists of electrochemical cell stacks. These cell stacks are heated to greater than 6000C and a voltage is applied. Under this electric potential, the oxygen in the feed air is ionized, recombined, and collected at an outlet [Dyer 2000]. Figure 1 illustrates the process.
ITM Oxygen can generate extremely high purity oxygen streams (in excess of 99.9%) and high volume (equivalent to volumetric flow of cryogenic separation systems). It takes in high pressure, high heat air. This air is passed over a ceramic membrane made of metals that are oxygen depleted. The membrane accepts the oxygen where it is ionized and diffused through the membrane due to a difference in oxygen partial pressures across the membrane. Since the membrane is not attracted to any other compounds, the process only filters oxygen [Allam 2002]. The oxygen stream is sub-atmospheric [Dyer 2000]. ITM Oxygen represents competition to cryogenic separation units.
Figure 2 illustrates the process.
ITM Syngas is a process still under development. The technology will pass air on one side of a membrane and natural gas and steam on the other. The two by-product streams will be syngas and oxygen depleted air [Dyer 2000]. Research work is still continuing for ITM technology and is expected to be concluded by 2007. At this time, Air Products aims to be able to produce an economically viable ITM system.
By-Product Oxygen
In some of the processes mentioned above, high volumes of nitrogen will be available to the user for use in another process. Similarly, in processes that produce nitrogen, large volumes of oxygen are readily available. One of the many applications of nitrogen is in the food industry, 6-127 © 2007 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry where oxygen increases fruit respiration, thus leading to a shortened life during which the fruit is edible. Storing fruit in nitrogen enriched environments reduces respiration rates. [Smith 2006]
Similarly, hydrogen production results in waste oxygen. All over the world, countries have set measures to increase the amount of energy derived from hydrogen, meaning that the hydrogen economy is certain to grow. Consequently, if a use can be found for the left over oxygen, an overall increase in the hydrogen production process efficiency would lead to potentially large energy savings.
Currently, hydrogen is produced via electrolysis. Electrolysis is the process by which water is broken into hydrogen and oxygen. It is an expensive process. Alkaline electrolysis costs $500/kW and PEM electrolysis costs $1000/kW [Kato 2005]. These costs make process efficiency all the more important. If electrolysis efficiency is 71%, then 5000 kWh of electricity production would result in the generation of 500 Nm3 of oxygen. Producing this much oxygen via PSA or cryogenics would require 250 kWh of electricity. However, this oxygen is being produced at essentially no additional costs. Therefore, if the oxygen can be used, then the electrolysis efficiency will rise to 76%. One potential application of the by-product oxygen in electrolysis would be in hospitals, where fuel cells would power the facility and the oxygen could be used for patient care [Kato 2005].
Comparison between Cryogenic Air Separation and PSA
Figure 3, re-created from literature published by Air-Products and the US Department of Energy, illustrates the mean cost of the cost per ton of oxygen at a desired purity level. Although the data is older, the trends in the cost are the same. As one can see, PSA is a better option in terms of running costs for purity levels slightly less than 100%. However, at high purity levels, i.e. greater than 99%, cryogenics will prove to be less expensive.
Running cost and purity are not always the only selection criteria. Volume desired is also key parameters in determining the air separation unit best for a particular industry. Figure 4, created by Universal Industrial Gases, INC., shows which technology is best suited when all three criteria (volume, purity, cost) are weighed against each other. It should be noted that advancements in zeolites will surely lower the price of PSA systems in the future [Smith 2001]. There are little expected advancements in cryogenic air separation, and therefore costs can be expected to remain the same.
As Figure 4 shows, PSA/VPSA is suitable for low volumes and low purity oxygen requirements. Cryogenic separation is best suited for high flow rates and when high purity oxygen is required. Finally, if high purity oxygen at low rates is desired, the plant may want to consider delivery of liquid oxygen.
“Piggyback Merchant Plants” refers to the ability for a plant to produce enough high purity oxygen for itself and for local merchants that would also need the high purity oxygen. This is financially feasible when the plant needs low volumes of high purity oxygen, but merchants in the surrounding community also need high purity oxygen and are willing to buy it from the plant.
Comparison between Cryogenic Air Separation and Membrane Technology
In one example, Air Products linked an ITM Oxygen supply into an IGCC plant and a cryogenic air separation unit into another. Details of the project will be discussed later. The installation cost of the cryogenic air separation unit was $61.2 million as compared to $41.6 million for the ITM technology. Moreover, the ITM plant produced oxygen at a cost of $14,300/ton of oxygen/day compared to $22,200/ton of oxygen/day for the cryogenic plant 6-129 © 2007 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry[Allam 2002]. Additionally, advancements in membrane materials will surely lower the costs of all membrane technologies (non-ITM included) [Smith 2001].
Many industries use oxygen for a variety of reasons. In this section, oxygen use in the glass, gasification and gas-to-liquid industries will be addressed. The primary focus will be on oxygen use in the municipal solid waste and coal gasification applications as well as the gas to liquid industry. Current research in metals oxidation will also be addressed.
Oxygen’s use in the glass industry has been well-documented. Oxygen enriched air fed into the furnace has proven to reduce fuel consumption, lower NOx emissions, and improve glass quality. The effects of oxygen combustion on fuel input, NOx, and CO2 emissions are shown in
Dyer, Paul N., Robin E. Richards, Steven L. Russek, and Dale M. Troyer. “Ion transport membrane technology for oxygen separation and syngas production”, Solid State Ionics 134 (2000) 21-33. 6-134 © 2007 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry
Kato, Takeyoshi, Mitsuhiro Kubota, Noriyuki Kobayashi, and Yasuo Suzuoki. “Effective utilization of by-product oxygen from electrolysis hydrogen production”, Energy 30 (2005) 2580 – 2595.
Larson Eric D., Ernst Worrell, and Jeffrey Chen. “Clean fuels from municipal solid waste for fuel cell buses in metropolitan areas”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17 (1996) 273-298.
Smith, A.R., and J.Klosek. “A Review of air separation technologies and their integration with energy conversion processes”, Fuel Processing Technology 70 (2001) p.115-134.
Smith, Rod. “Modified Atmosphere Packaging Using On-Site Nitrogen Generation”, Compressed Air Best Practice. October 2006. p. 24 – 27.
Tuson, Geoffrey B., Hisashi Kobayashi, and M.J. Campbell. “Oxygen enriched combustion system performance study: Phase II Final report 100 percent oxygen enriched combustion in regenerative glass melters” August, 1994. Work performed under DOE contract No.DE-FC07-88ID12833.
The global oxygen budget and its future projection/pdf
Sep 30, 2018 · Atmospheric oxygen (O 2) is the most crucial element on earth for the aerobic organisms that depend on it to release energy from carbon-based macromolecules. This is the …
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Data centers consume massive amounts of water — Companies rarely tell the public exactly how much
Sep 12, 2025
Peyton McCauley and Melissa Scanlan, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee | September 12, 2025
As demand for artificial intelligence (AI) technology boosts construction and proposed construction of data centers around the world, those computers require not just electricity and land, but also a significant amount of water. Data centers use water directly, with cooling water pumped through pipes in and around the computer equipment. They also use water indirectly, through the water required to produce the electricity to power the facility. The amount of water used to produce electricity increases dramatically when the source is fossil fuels compared with solar or wind.
A 2024 report from the U.S. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory estimated that in 2023, U.S. data centers consumed 17 billion gallons (64 billion liters) of water directly through cooling, and projects that by 2028, those figures could double — or even quadruple. The same report estimated that in 2023, U.S. data centers consumed an additional 211 billion gallons (800 billion liters) of water indirectly through the electricity that powers them. But that is just an estimate in a fast-changing industry.
The Columbia River running through The Dalles, Oregon, supplies water to cool data centers. Source: AP Photo/Andrew Selsky
We are researchers in water law and policy based on the shores of Lake Michigan. Technology companies are eyeing the Great Lakes region to host data centers, including one proposed for Port Washington, Wisconsin, which could be one of the largest in the country. The Great Lakes region offers a relatively cool climate and an abundance of water, making the region an attractive location for hot and thirsty data centers.
The Great Lakes are an important, binational resource that more than 40 million people depend on for their drinking water and supports a $6 trillion regional economy. Data centers compete with these existing uses and may deplete local groundwater aquifers.
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The new AI data center project in Michigan is a significant development for the state’s economy and
technology sector. Here are the key details of the project:
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AI, other data centers are coming to Michigan — and they need a lot of energy and water Detroit Free Press
November 7, 2025 The list of communities where large data centers are proposed includes:
Just so you know, Michigan is not a large state. It is only 200 miles across for East to West. It is already inundated with waste water from disasters across the nation that are trucked in, and waste products from Canada and US states trucked in and dumped. |
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Our analysis of public records, government documents and sustainability reports compiled by top data center companies has found that technology companies don’t always reveal how much water their data centers use. In a forthcoming Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal article, we walk through our methods and findings using these resources to uncover the water demands of data centers.
In general, corporate sustainability reports offered the most access and detail — including that in 2024, one data center in Iowa consumed 1 billion (3.8 billion liters) gallons of water — enough to supply all of Iowa’s residential water for five days.
How do data centers use water?
The servers and routers in data centers work hard and generate a lot of heat. To cool them down, data centers use large amounts of water — in some cases over 25% of local community water supplies. In 2023, Google reported consuming over 6 billion gallons of water (nearly 23 billion liters) to cool all its data centers.
In some data centers, the water is used up in the cooling process. In an evaporative cooling system, pumps push cold water through pipes in the data center. The cold water absorbs the heat produced by the data center servers, turning into steam that is vented out of the facility. This system requires a constant supply of cold water.
In closed-loop cooling systems, the cooling process is similar, but rather than venting steam to the air, air-cooled chillers cool down the hot water. The cooled water is then recirculated to cool the facility again. This does not require constant addition of large volumes of water, but it uses a lot more energy to run the chillers. The actual numbers showing those differences, which likely vary by the facility, are not publicly available.
One key way to evaluate water use is the amount of water that is considered “consumed,” meaning it is withdrawn from the local water supply and used up — for instance, evaporated as steam — and not returned to its source.
For information, we first looked to government data, such as that kept by municipal water systems, but the process of getting all the necessary data can be onerous and time-consuming, with some denying data access due to confidentiality concerns. So we turned to other sources to uncover data center water use.
Sustainability reports provide insight
Many companies, especially those that prioritize sustainability, release publicly available reports about their environmental and sustainability practices, including water use. We focused on six top tech companies with data centers: Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Meta, Digital Realty and Equinix. Our findings revealed significant variability in both how much water the companies’ data centers used, and how much specific information the companies’ reports actually provided.
Sustainability reports offer a valuable glimpse into data center water use. But because the reports are voluntary, different companies report different statistics in ways that make them hard to combine or compare. Importantly, these disclosures do not consistently include the indirect water consumption from their electricity use, which the U.S. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab estimated was 12 times greater than the direct use for cooling in 2023. Our estimates highlighting specific water consumption reports are all related to cooling.
Amazon releases annual sustainability reports, but those documents do not disclose how much water the company uses. Microsoft provides data on its water demands for its overall operations, but does not break down water use for its data centers. Meta does that breakdown, but only in a companywide aggregate figure. Google provides individual figures for each data center.
In general, the five companies we analyzed that do disclose water usage show a general trend of increasing direct water use each year. Researchers attribute this trend to data centers.
A closer look at Google and Meta
To take a deeper look, we focused on Google and Meta, as they provide some of the most detailed reports of data center water use.
Data centers make up significant proportions of both companies’ water use. In 2023, Meta consumed 813 million gallons of water globally (3.1 billion liters) — 95% of which, 776 million gallons (2.9 billion liters), was used by data centers.
For Google, the picture is similar, but with higher numbers. In 2023, Google operations worldwide consumed 6.4 billion gallons of water (24.2 billion liters), with 95%, 6.1 billion gallons (23.1 billion liters), used by data centers.
Google reports that in 2024, the company’s data center in Council Bluffs, Iowa, consumed 1 billion gallons of water (3.8 billion liters), the most of any of its data centers.
The Google data center using the least that year was in Pflugerville, Texas, which consumed 10,000 gallons (38,000 liters) — about as much as one Texas home would use in two months. That data center is air-cooled, not water-cooled, and consumes significantly less water than the 1.5 million gallons (5.7 million liters) at an air-cooled Google data center in Storey County, Nevada. Because Google’s disclosures do not pair water consumption data with the size of centers, technology used or indirect water consumption from power, these are simply partial views, with the big picture obscured.
Given society’s growing interest in AI, the data center industry will likely continue its rapid expansion. But without a consistent and transparent way to track water consumption over time, the public and government officials will be making decisions about locations, regulations and sustainability without complete information on how these massive companies’ hot and thirsty buildings will affect their communities and their environments.
Editor’s note: This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.
a year ago
long before they will put forth the effort to learn even a little about it.
When we the people make them dissappear well so do all the problems and crimes they create!! Rotten bastards!!!
This is the bottom line, though no one wants to believe it. The entities and forces behind what is happening in our world is nothing more and nothing less than the Prince of darkness and all of his minions. He is not the Prince of Peace. He is not the King of Kings. He only pretends to be and wishes he was.
They preparing this world for the final battle between the forces of God/Good and the forces of Satan/Evil. They want to take down humanity. They want to capture all the souls of man that they can and use them to animate their robots. AI is not man made. It is merely demonic spirits.
All of the foolish humans who are worshiping Satan and all manner of other gods/goddesses/spirits/entities are aiding and abetting demonic entities and participating in their own destruction.
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Pfizer’s ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ — and Legacy Media’s Failure to Report on Them:
https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/naomi-wolf-the-pfizer-papers-book/
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